Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview / Gestação de substituição comercial: Uma visão global

Abstract Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.

Resumo Objetivo A gestação de substituição é o processo no qual uma mulher engravida e entrega um bebê a outra pessoa ou casal, conhecidos como pais pretendidos. Quando as gestantes são pagas, isto é conhecido como gestação de substituição comercial. O objetivo do presente trabalho é rever os aspectos legais, éticos, sociais e culturais da gestação de substituição comercial, bem como o panorama atual em todo o mundo. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada no século XXI sobre a gestação de substituição comercial. Resultados Um total de 248 artigos foi incluído nesta revisão. A demanda por tratamentos com gestação de substituição por mulheres sem útero ou com distúrbios uterinos importantes, homens solteiros e casais masculinos está aumentando constantemente em todo o mundo. Este tratamento reprodutivo tem dilemas éticos importantes. Além disso, a legislação é amplamente adiada em todo o mundo e está em constante mudança. Portanto, os pacientes procuram cada vez mais por tratamentos no exterior, o que pode levar a importantes problemas legais entre países com leis diferentes. A gestação de substituição comercial é praticada em vários países, na maioria dos quais não há legislação específica. Alguns países tomaram medidas restritivas contra esta técnica por causa de relatos de exploração destas mulheres. Conclusão A gestação de substituição comercial é uma prática comum, apesar de importantes dilemas éticos e legais. Como consequência de diversas legislações nacionais, os pacientes frequentemente recorrem a programas de gestação de substituição comercial internacionais. Atualmente, não existe um contexto jurídico internacional padrão e esta prática permanece em grande parte não regulamentada.

Trascendencia de los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos en el Ecuador / Research Ethics Committees of Human Beings in Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos deben proteger la dignidad, los derechos, el bienestar y la seguridad de los sujetos investigados; evalúan aspectos éticos, metodológicos y jurídicos de los protocolos de investigación, competencia otorgada por el ente sanitario del país que ameritó observar si se cumplió. OBJETIVO. Evaluar la situación de los Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, basados en la percepción del cursillista, la normativa, las repercusiones y consecuencias para mantener su condición activa y su trascendencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y ambispectivo con un universo de 1 327 profesionales del área de la salud y una muestra de 385 encuestados que expresaron su percepción sobre trece Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos a nivel nacional, con revisión bibliográfica nacional e internacional, se excluyeron los suspendidos. Se aplicó encuesta validada online, período abril a octubre de 2019. Data analizada en Excel y SPSS versión 23. RESULTADOS. El 76,92% Comités de Ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos fueron de la ciudad de Quito. Los cursillistas percibieron que el 64,16%, no trascendieron en su labor; desconocieron que: la Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia de la Salud, cuestionó el nombramiento de algún miembro un 97,14%; el cuestionamiento estuvo basado en la norma vigente un 79,48%; sobre la aprobación del plan anual de capacitación en investigación, 2019, un 95,06%; el plan anual de capacitación específico un 77,40%, y no recibieron directrices ni retroalimentación en temas de capacitación en calidad de investigador, un 90,39%. Además, percibieron que los Comités fueron responsables de capacitar otros Comités de ética de Investigación en Seres Humanos, un 81,82% y a los investigadores, un 85,71%; que deben elaborar el plan anual de educación específica para los miembros del comité, un 89,35%. CONCLUSIÓN. Se identificó entre los problemas que los investigadores casi no los conocen y hay necesidad de actualizar la norma que afectó el funcionamiento. Los justificativos para mantener la condición activa no se cumplieron, se evidenció la necesidad de asesoría para los comités por parte de las autoridades competentes, sin lograr conformación consolidada con actores y repercutió en su trascendencia.

INTRODUCTION. The Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings must protect the dignity, rights, well-being and safety of the research subjects; evaluate ethical, methodological and legal aspects of the research protocols, a competence granted by the health entity of the country that merited see if it is done. OBJECTIVE. Evaluate the situation of the Ethics Committees for Research in Human Beings, based on the perception of the trainee, the regulations, the repercussions and consequences to maintain their active condition and their transcendence. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, cross-sectional and ambispective study with a universe of 1,327 professionals in the health area and a sample of 385 respondents who expressed their perception of thirteen Research Ethics Committees on Human Beings at the national level, with national and international bibliographic review. those suspended were excluded. An online validated survey was applied, from April to October 2019. Data analyzed in Excel and SPSS version 23. RESULTS. 76.92% Human Research Ethics Committees were from the city of Quito. The trainees perceived that 64,16%, did not transcend in their work; they did not know that: the National Directorate of Health Intelligence, questioned the appointment of a member 97,14%; the questioning was based on the current norm 79,48%; on the approval of the annual research training plan, 2019, 95,06%; the specific annual training plan 77,40%, and did not receive guidelines or feedback on training issues as a researcher, 90,39%. In addition, they perceived that the Committees were responsible for training other Human Beings Research Ethics Committees, 81,82% and the researchers, 85,71%; that they must prepare the annual specific education plan for the members of the committee, 89,35%. CONCLUSION. It was identified among the problems that the researchers hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance. hardly know them and there is a need to update the norm that affected the operation. The justifications to maintain the active condition were not fulfilled, the need for advice for the committees by the competent authorities was evidenced, without achieving a consolidated conformation with actors and had repercussions on its importance.

Aspectos médico-legais do olho / Medicolegal aspects of the eye

RESUMO A oftalmologia fornece um campo vasto de conhecimentos necessários à medicina legal e às perícias médicas. O presente artigo objetivou revisar as informações na perícia criminal e cível, as repercussões da morte e os achados post-mortem que o exame ocular pode fornecer. Demonstrou-se que a perícia ocular é complexa e multifacetada, fornecendo ferramentas importantes para a classificação das lesões corporais, verificação da capacidade laboral, investigação da causa mortis e estimativa do tempo de morte.

ABSTRACT Ophthalmology provides a vast field of knowledge necessary for forensic medicine and medical expertise. The present article aimed to review the information on criminal and civil medical expertise, the repercussions of death, and the postmortem findings that the eye examination can provide. Ocular expertise has been shown to be complex and multifaceted, providing important tools to classify bodily injuries, verify work capacity, investigate the cause of death, and estimate the time of death.

Comentários ao Código de Processo Ético-Profissional dos Conselhos de Medicina: aprovado pela resolução CFM nº 2.306/2022 / Comments on the Code of Ethical-Professional Process of the Councils of Medicine: approved by CFM Resolution No. 2,306/2022

A Resolução nº 2.306 do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), publicada no Diário Oficial da União (DOU), em 25 de março de 2022, aprovou o Código de Processo Ético-Profissional (CPEP/2022) dos Conselhos de Medicina, com vigência imediata em todo o território nacional. O novo CPEP, à luz da recente atualização do Decreto Federal nº 44.045/1958 pelo Decreto Federal nº 10.911/2021, dá segurança jurídica às atividades judicantes no âmbito dos conselhos de medicina. Diante dessa realidade, torna-se oportuna sua interpretação a partir da visão de especialistas no tema. Assim, esta obra, escrita pelo advogado Antônio Carlos Nunes de Oliveira, oferece pertinentes orientações em torno das novas questões processuais contidas no atual CPEP, com ampla citação jurisprudencial e doutrinária. Assim, estamos diante de um volume construído com esmero técnico, legal e ético. Por meio desta publicação, o CFM ­ com a colaboração de seu autor ­ disponibiliza aos médicos e advogados, bem como aos demais operadores do direito médico, argumentos que procuram desmistificar teorias, princípios e regras procedimentais a serem observadas em sindicâncias e processos éticos-profissionais, possibilitando uma melhor compreensão das atividades judicantes no âmbito dos conselhos de medicina. Desse modo, trata-se de contribuição relevante à defesa do exercício ético da medicina no país, sendo recomendada sua leitura com o objetivo de fortalecer o conhecimento jurídico e processual que a esfera judicante demanda.

Prevención del estrés y burn-out del equipo de salud: el nexo con la calidad de la atención sanitaria y la seguridad del paciente / Preventing stress and burn-out of healthcare staff: linkage with quality of healthcare systems and patient safety

Se destaca la importancia de la prevención del estrés y burn-out en los trabajadores que integran el equipo de salud. Se señala su directa relación con el error médico, la seguridad del paciente y la calidad de la atención sanitaria. (AU)

The purpose of this work is to point out the importance of preventing stress and burn-out of the healthcare staff and its relationship with medical errors, patient safety and quality of the healthcare systems. (AU)

Ley nacional del cáncer Claudio Mora: metas y desafíos a futuro / Claudio Mora National Cancer Law: Goals and challenges for the future

Actualmente el cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en la población chilena; sin embargo, en algunas regiones del país como Arica y Parinacota, Antofagasta, La Serena, Los Lagos y Aysén, en Atacama y La Araucanía ya es la primera (1), inmediatamente apenas por debajo de las afecciones al sistema circulatorio y cardiovascular, y se espera que, al final de la próxima década, llegue a ser la primera causa de muerte en el país (2). Por otra parte, con respecto a los años de vida perdidos en Chile, el cáncer es la primera causa de años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura (175.741 años equivalentes al 22,5% del total de años). Si a lo anterior sumamos los años de vida perdidos por discapacidad, el cáncer es responsable de 221.529 AVISA (Años de vida ajustados por discapacidad), ubicándolo en el séptimo lugar de grupos de causas de carga de enfermedad.(3) Por su incidencia, el cáncer se ha constituido en un problema de salud pública indiscutible e insoslayable, por cuya gravedad demanda al sistema de salud chileno la máxima atención y el mejor de los esfuerzos en las tareas de las pesquisas temprana en toda la población, con el fin de minimizarsusefectos combinados enlasociedad demanera transversal y en cualquier contexto en el que ocurra, debido a la dificultad que significa para el sistema de salud chileno su pesquisa temprana en todos los ciudadanos, sumado a la escasez de recursos tanto humanos como materiales, por lo costos involucrados en su abordaje, es un importante problema social y económico, con repercusión y costos que afectan a laspersonas, sus familiasy comunidades, así como al sistema de salud y al país en su conjunto. (2) A la fecha, en Chile, grandes esfuerzos se han hecho para reducir estas brechas. El mayor de ellos es el programa GES (Garantías explícitas enSalud), mediante el cual los pacientes de acuerdo a su diagnóstico e independientemente de su capacidad de pago o seguro de salud asociado, región geográfica o nivel educacional, son asegurados con una canasta de prestaciones estandarizada, con tiempos de atención antes definidos, asegurando así acceso, oportunidad, protección financiera y calidad delprestador. (4) No obstante luego de 15 años de iniciado elprograma de prestaciones GES, persisten estas diferencias tanto por nivel socioeconómico, y/o educacional, queinfluyen negativamente sobre los estándares de atención de los diferentes prestadores de salud, en razón que diversos estudios se han observado diferencias estadisticamente significativas en las tasas de mortalidad entre el sistema público y privado de 3,12 a 5,8 veces más mortalidad en los pacientes atendidos por FONASA (Fondo nacional de Salud) , respecto a los prestadores privados provenientes de ISAPRES (Instituciones de salud previsional). (5) La ley Nacional del Cáncer recibe el nombre del doctor Claudio Mora a modo de homenaje póstumo, pues él encarnó la dualidad de paciente oncológico y profesional al ser tratado por un cáncer de páncreas, junto al Dr. Jorge Jiménez de la Jara, y la senadora Carolina Goic, quienes fueron grandes impulsores de esta ley, que cuenta con $80 mil millones de pesos anuales ($20 mil millones para infraestructura y $60 mil millones para tratamientos que hoy no son cubiertos por el GES ni por la Ley Ricarte Soto), además de $200 millones anuales por ocho años para la construcción de la Red Nacional Oncológica.(6) La ley nacional del cáncer es un proyecto a largo plazo que requiere de una red oncológica integrada de profesionales y de la coordinación de un equipo interdisciplinario que presenta deficiencias tanto en el número como en la especializaciónde sus equipos médicos. En el presente contexto de la pandemia por coronavirus iniciada en Chile el 1 de marzo de 2020, contrapuesto a lo anterior la disminución de los diagnósticos de cáncer es un hecho, como consecuencia directa de la priorización de camas crítica como camas básicas y de intermedio para atender pacientes infectados por coronavirus, a pesar de lo anterior ha entrado en vigencia la Ley Nacional de Cáncer, es decir, la nueva Ley 21.258, que pretende asegurar que se proporcione un óptimo diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento a los pacientes. (7)

La COVID-19 como enfermedad profesional: breve análisis de la ley 19873 / COVID-19 as an occupational disease: brief analysis of law 19,873

El artículo se ocupa de analizar la COVID-19 como enfermedad profesional, partiendo de un estudio del concepto de esta última a la luz de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. Se plantean las posibilidades de considerar esta nueva enfermedad como profesional, no incluida en la lista actualmente vigente sobre las mismas. Luego de analizar la posibilidad de extender el régimen de las enfermedades profesionales contenido en la ley 16.074, el estudio analiza la regulación de la ley 19.873, la que es calificada como restrictiva de la consideración de la COVID-19 como enfermedad. Se contextualiza la legislación nacional en el derecho comprado, donde pueden encontrarse diversas "respuestas" a las consecuencias laborales de la enfermedad.

La educación médica continua y la vigencia de la especialidad médica / Continuous medical education and the validity of medical specialty

La educación médica continua (EMC) es el proceso de adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y habilidades a lo largo de toda la vida activa de los médicos. Es responsabilidad de cada médico para poder ofrecer la mejor atención a sus enfermos. La EMC no se limita a la educación formal, sino que dispone de distintas estrategias de aprendizaje, entre las que se mencionan los cursos y ateneos, la concurrencia a congresos, jornadas y simposios, el entrenamiento en servicio, la educación a distancia y el autoaprendizaje. La EMC debe ser considerada como la etapa final y más larga en la formación de un médico. (AU)

Continuing medical education (CME) is the process of acquiring new knowledge and skills throughout active life of doctors. It is the responsibility of each doctor to be able to offer the best care of their patients. The CME is not limited to formal education, but different learning are available, including courses, athenaeums, congress attendance, conferences and symposia, in-service training, distance education and self-learning. The CME should be considered as the final and longest stage in the doctor´s training. (AU)

Prevención de estrés y Burn-Out en el equipo de salud / Stress prevention and Burn-Out in health team

El objetivo de este trabajo es difundir la Ley Nº 2578 de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) del 06/12/07, promulgada por decreto N° 09/008 del 07/01/08, publicada en BOCBA N° 2.850 del 15/01/08, relativa a la creación del "Programa de Prevención, Detección Precoz y Rehabilitación del Estrés Laboral Crónico de los Trabajadores de la Salud". También hacer algunas consideraciones sobre esta enfermedad y destacar al síndrome de Burn-Out como resultado de un estrés laboral crónico que se desarrolla en los ambientes laborales del equipo de la salud

The purpose of this work is to spread Law C.A.B.A. N° 2.578 regarding the creation of the Program for the Prevention, Early Detection and Rehabilitation of Chronic Labor Stress of Health Care Workers of Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Also make some considerations about this disease and highlight Burn Out syndrome as result of chronic work stress that develops in the work environment of the health team.

Demandas penales en los médicos municipales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / CRIMINAL DEMANDS ON MUNICIPAL PHYSICIANS OF THE CITY OF BUENOS AIRES

Introducción: La responsabilidad penal surge cuando una persona, en contravención a las normas que describen las conductas delictivas, contempladas en el Código, comete en forma dolosa o culposa alguno de los ilícitos previstos por dicho ordenamiento. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal, de las demandas por responsabilidad médica realizadas en el fuero penal en las cuales intervino una Compañía de Seguros especializada en el tema, entre los años 2004 y el 2014, en el cual se incluyeron 220 causas con 376 imputados. Los objetivos específicos fueron: ­Explorar la "edad y sexo" de los profesionales imputados y realizar el cruce de las variables. ­Identificar las "especialidades médicas" y los "hospitales municipales" a las que pertenecen los profesionales imputados así como los "lugares generadores del hecho". ­Analizar las semejanzas y diferencias entre el mercado asegurador argentino. Resultados: Del total de la muestra, se identificó la especialidad de los profesionales en 366 casos, de las cuales 4 fueron las más comunes: 1) Obstetricia, 2) Cirugía general, 3) Clinica médica, 4) Traumatología. Los más demandados fueron los profesionales del sexo masculino. Los rangos de edades con mayor índice de demanda abarcan 2 grupos: 1) de 51 a 60 años. 2) de 31-40 años. En 4 hospitales municipales (Ramos Mejía, Piñero, Santojanni y Durand) se concentran casi el 50 % de los casos. Conclusiones: Las especialidades más frecuentemente demandadas en el fuero penal fueron Obstetricia, Cirugía general, Clinica médica y Traumatología, las que difieren de otras casuísticas. Todavía el sexo masculino es el que tiene más cantidad de demandas. Hay 4 hospitales municipales que concentran el 50 % de las demandas situación que debe tenerse en cuenta a los fines de establecer el riesgo.

Introduction: Criminal liability arises when a person, in contravention of the rules that describe the criminal conduct, contemplated in the Code of criminal law, commit in fraudulent or willful misconduct some of the illicit determined by said law. Material and methods: An observational, retrospective and transversal, of the claims for medical liability carried out in the criminal court in which an insurance company specialized in the subject intervened, among the years 2004 and 2014, in which 220 cases were included with 376 accused. The specific objectives were: ­Explore the "age and sex" of professionals imputed and perform the crossing of variables. ­Identify the "specialties medical" and "municipal hospitals" to which the professionals belong imputed as well as the "generating places of the fact". ­Analyze the similarities and differences between the Argentine insurance market. Results: Of the total of the sample, the specialty of the professionals was identified in 366 cases, of which 4 were the most common: 1) Obstetrics, 2) Surgery General, 3) Medical Clinic, 4) Traumatology. The most were male professionals. The age ranges with the highest demand index comprise 2 groups: 1) from 51 to 60 years. 2) from 31 to 40 years. In 4 municipal hospitals (Ramos Mejía, Piñero, Santojanni and Durand) are concentrated almost 50% of cases. Conclusions: The most frequently requested specialties in criminal law were Obstetrics, General Surgery, Medical Clinic and Traumatology, which differ of other studies. The male sex is still the one with the most demands. There are 4 municipal hospitals that concentrate 50% of the demands. This situation must be taken into account in order to establish the risk

Prevalence of Sharing Access Credentials in Electronic Medical Records / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: Confidentiality of health information is an important aspect of the physician patient relationship. The use of digital medical records has made data much more accessible. To prevent data leakage, many countries have created regulations regarding medical data accessibility. These regulations require a unique user ID for each medical staff member, and this must be protected by a password, which should be kept undisclosed by all means. METHODS: We performed a four-question Google Forms-based survey of medical staff. In the survey, each participant was asked if he/she ever obtained the password of another medical staff member. Then, we asked how many times such an episode occurred and the reason for it. RESULTS: A total of 299 surveys were gathered. The responses showed that 220 (73.6%) participants reported that they had obtained the password of another medical staff member. Only 171 (57.2%) estimated how many time it happened, with an average estimation of 4.75 episodes. All the residents that took part in the study (45, 15%) had obtained the password of another medical staff member, while only 57.5% (38/66) of the nurses reported this. CONCLUSIONS: The use of unique user IDs and passwords to defend the privacy of medical data is a common requirement in medical organizations. Unfortunately, the use of passwords is doomed because medical staff members share their passwords with one another. Strict regulations requiring each staff member to have it's a unique user ID might lead to password sharing and to a decrease in data safety.

Analysis of medical disputes regarding chronic pain management in the 2009–2016 period using the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists database / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The active involvement of anesthesiologists in chronic pain management has been associated with an increase in the number of related medical dispute cases. METHODS: Using the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists Legislation Committee database covering case files from July 2009 to June 2016, we explored injuries and liability characteristics in a subset of cases involving chronic pain management. RESULTS: During the study period, 58 cases were eligible for final analysis. There were 27 cases related to complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), many of them involving problems with financial compensation (24/27, 88.9%). The CRPS cases showed male dominance (22 males, 5 females). In a disproportionately large number of these cases, the causative injury occurred during military training (n = 5). Two cases were associated with noninvasive pain managements, and 29 cases with invasive procedures. Of the latter group, procedures involving the spine (both neuraxial and non-neuraxial procedures) resulted in more severe complications than other procedures (P = 0.007). Seven of the patients who underwent invasive procedures died. The most common type of invasive procedures were lumbosacral procedures (16/29, 55.2%). More specifically, the most common damaging events were inadvertent intravascular or intrathecal injection of local anesthetics (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: Several characteristics of medical disputes related to chronic pain management were identified: the prevalence of injury benefit claims in CRPS patients, higher severity of complications in procedures performed at the spine or cervical region, and the preventability of inadvertent intravascular or intrathecal injection of local anesthetics.

Ethical and legal duty of anesthesiologists regarding Jehovah's Witness patient: care protocol / Dever ético e legal do anestesiologista frente ao paciente testemunha de Jeová: protocolo de atendimento

Abstract Background and objectives: Jehovah's Witnesses patients refuse blood transfusions for religious reasons. Anesthesiologists must master specific legal knowledge to provide care to these patients. Understanding how the Law and the Federal Council of Medicine treat this issue is critical to know how to act in this context. The aim of this paper was to establish a treatment protocol for the Jehovah's Witness patient with emphasis on ethical and legal duty of the anesthesiologist. Content: The article analyzes the Constitution, Criminal Code, resolutions of the Federal Council of Medicine, opinions, and jurisprudence to understand the limits of the conflict between the autonomy of will of Jehovah's Witnesses to refuse transfusion and the physician's duty to provide the transfusion. Based on this evidence, a care protocol is suggested. Conclusions: The Federal Council of Medicine resolution 1021/1980, the penal code Article 135, which classifies denial of care as a crime and the Supreme Court decision on the HC 268,459/SP process imposes on the physician the obligation of blood transfusion when life is threatened. The patient's or guardian's consent is not necessary, as the autonomy of will manifestation of the Jehovah's Witness patient refusing blood transfusion for himself and relatives, even in emergencies, is no not forbidden.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Os pacientes testemunhas de Jeová recusam transfusão sanguínea por motivos religiosos. O anestesiologista deve dominar conhecimentos jurídicos específicos para atender esses pacientes. Entender como o direito e o Conselho Federal de Medicina tratam essa questão é fundamental para saber agir dentro desse contexto. O objetivo deste artigo foi estabelecer um protocolo de atendimento do paciente testemunha de Jeová com ênfase no dever ético e legal do anestesiologista. Conteúdo: O artigo analisa a Constituição, o Código Penal, resoluções do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), pareceres e jurisprudência para entender os limites do conflito entre a autonomia de vontade da testemunha de Jeová em recusar transfusão e a obrigação do médico em transfundir. Baseado nessas evidências um protocolo de atendimento é sugerido. Conclusões: A resolução do CFM 1021/1980, o Código Penal no artigo 135, que classifica como crime a omissão de socorro, e a decisão do Supremo Tribunal de Justiça sobre o processo HC 268.459/SP impõem ao médico a obrigação de transfusão quando houver risco de vida. Não é necessário concordância do paciente ou de seu responsável, pois não é proibida a manifestação de vontade do paciente testemunha de Jeová ao recusar transfusão sanguínea para si e seus dependentes, mesmo em emergências.

Implicancias del marco legal chileno en la prevención del embarazo adolescente: conflicto e inseguridad en los profesionales de la salud / Implications of chilean legal framework in teen pregnancy prevention: conflict and insecurity in health professionals

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a psychosocial and multifactorial problem described as a lack of exercise of rights in sexual and reproductive health. There are important aspects in the doctor-patient relationship and confidentiality that directly affect the continuity and quality of care. There are controversies in the laws relating to the provision of contraception and confidentiality, and those that protect the sexual indemnity, especially in adolescents under 14 years. Aim: To describe the implications of the legal framework for professional midwives in the care of adolescents younger than 14 years in sexual and reproductive health. Material and Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted to 13 female and 2 male midwives working at Primary Health Care Centers in the Metropolitan Region. Results: The attention of adolescents younger than 14 years in sexual and reproductive health involves medical-legal issues for health professionals. All professionals recognize that mandatory reporting sexual activity is a complex situation. All professionals notify pregnancies. In relation to the delivery of contraception, clinical care is problematic since professionals should take shelter from a legal standpoint. Conclusions: The medical-legal context of pregnant women under 14 years of age care generates a context of uncertainty and fear for professionals and becomes a source of conflict and insecurity in the exercise of the profession.